紐時賞析／藝術展風波 凸顯德國深刻分歧

Furor Over Documenta Highlights a Widening Chasm in Germany

藝術展風波 凸顯德國深刻分歧

Documenta, an art world mega-event held every five years in Kassel, Germany, is no stranger to controversy. Yet this year’s edition has eclipsed anything in the past.

每五年在德國卡塞爾舉辦的藝術界盛事「文獻展」，對爭議並不陌生，不過今年爭議之大，超越以往。

Since the sprawling show opened in June, a major artwork has been pulled from display for containing antisemitic caricatures, and the event’s director general has resigned. Late last month, some members of the country’s governing coalition called for Documenta to be shut down until it could be vetted for further antisemitic works after it emerged that the show also contained drawings made during the 1980s of Israeli soldiers, including one with a hooked nose.

自從這個規模龐大的展覽6月開幕以來，一件大型藝術品因為包含反猶漫畫被撤，活動總監也辭職。這個展覽也包含1980年代描繪多名以色列軍人的畫，其中一名有鷹勾鼻，此事曝光後，德國執政聯盟一些成員上月底呼籲文獻展暫停，直到查出是否有更多反猶作品為止。

The uproar around the images has dominated German newspapers for weeks — but that comes on top of months of allegations that ruangrupa, a collective that curated this year’s event, and other artists, were supporters of the boycott, divestment and sanctions movement against Israel, which is widely viewed in Germany as antisemitic.

這些影像引發的軒然大波占據德國報紙版面好幾周，不過在此之前，策畫今年文獻展的團體ruangrupa和其他藝術家，幾個月來一直被指支援反以色列的「抵制、撤資、制裁運動」。ruangrupa在德國被普遍認為是反猶組織。

Taken together, Documenta has become the latest cultural event to highlight a growing divide between the German establishment’s views on a boycott of Israel and those of artists, musicians and other creatives, particularly from outside the country.

總之，文獻展已成為最新一場文化活動，凸顯德國建制派與藝術家、音樂家等創意人（尤其來自國外的），對於抵制以色列的看法差異愈來愈大。

The furor around Documenta began six months before the show opened, when a protest group, Alliance Against Antisemitism Kassel, raised accusations of artists supporting the BDS movement. The accusations were made on an anonymous blog but were picked up by German newspapers and repeated by politicians.

關於文獻展的風波在展覽開幕前六個月就開始，當時一個抗議團體「卡塞爾反對反猶情結聯盟」指控藝術家支持抵制、撤資、制裁運動。指控是在匿名部落格發表，被德國報紙報導、政治人物重提。

In June, there was a full-blown scandal when Indonesian art collective Taring Padi installed an artwork called “People’s Justice” from 2002 in one of Kassel’s main squares.

今年六月有一場醜聞全面爆發，印尼藝術家團體「稻米之牙」在卡塞爾主要廣場之一布置一件2002年的藝術品，名為「人民的正義」。

Around 60 feet long, it is a political banner that features cartoonlike depictions of activists struggling under Indonesia’s military rule. Among hundreds of figures is a caricature of a Jew with sidelocks and fangs, wearing a hat emblazoned with the Nazi SS emblem.

作品約60呎（18公尺）長，是一件政治橫幅，特點是以類似政治漫畫的手法，描繪在印尼軍事統治下掙扎的社運人士。在數百人中有一個猶太漫畫人物，在鬢角留著一縷捲髮又有尖牙，戴著一頂標著納粹親衛隊符號的帽子。

Shortly after the work was installed, German politicians and Jewish groups condemned it as antisemitic. Taring Padi and ruangrupa apologized, and the work was taken down.

這件作品布置完成後不久，德國政治人物和猶太團體譴責它反猶。稻米之牙和ruangrupa為此道歉，作品被撤。

With so little trust between the artists and the German media and authorities, even efforts to address the flashpoints at Documenta are facing challenges.

由於藝術家和德國媒體與當局之間幾無互信，就連化解文獻展一觸即發的情勢都面臨挑戰。

文／Alex Marshall 譯／李京倫